Past Issue

Background: Pain during orthodontic treatment, particularly during the levelling and alignment phase, is a major concern that can impact patient compliance and treatment experience. While several methods exist to manage this discomfort, many have limitations including potential interference with tooth movement. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach to reduce orthodontic pain.

For thousands of years, oral fungal infections have existed in human history.Hippocrates, who lived between 460 and 370 BCE, was the first person to report occurrences of oral aphthae that could have been oral candidiasis. While infections like cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis are relatively rare in the mouth, oral candidiasis became widely recognized during the AIDS epidemic. It was a major opportunistic infection, signaling the progression from HIV to AIDS. This highlighted the vital role of our immune system in preventing fungal infections.

Background: Astroblastoma is a rare neuroepithelial tumor that often originates in the cerebral hemisphere of children and young adults. Diagnosis of this obscure neoplasm can be difficult because these tumors are so infrequently encountered and share common radiological and neuropathological features of other glial neoplasms.  Case Description: We present a case of a low-grade astroblastoma diagnosed in a 30-year-old female with complaints of headache, vomiting and vision changes. CT was done which revealed anintra-axial neoplasm in the left frontal lobe.

Lemmel syndrome, characterized by biliary and pancreatic duct obstruction secondary to a periampullary duodenal diverticulum (PAD), remains a rare and often overlooked diagnosis,which can lead to a variety of gastrointestinal and biliary complications. This condition is often associated with obstructive jaundice, intermittent abdominal pain, cholangitis,and pancreatitis,resulting fromthe mechanicalobstructionorcompression of the biliary and pancreatic ducts.

Vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) is a rarely encountered and less known entity1. It is a functional voiding disorder, usually seen in prepubertal girls without anatomical or neurological abnormality and is defined as an abnormal retrograde reflux of urine into vaginal vault during bladder distension and early micturition. It presents with vaginal collection sonographically identical to obstructive hydrocolpos. It is important to differentiate these two, as the treatment of VVR is mainly non-surgical2.

Introduction: The newborn’s ability to feed  is essential for discharge. The use of scales to assess the acquisition of oral feeding skills allows to identify feeding problems. Objective: To identify a tool for assessing nutritional skills in preterm infants that is suitable to be introduced to our neonatal intensive care unit (University Medical Center Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) focusing on validity, ease of application and relevance and to apply it to our clinical context. Materials and Methods.

Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs. Most of the infections are caused by non-motile enterococcus species such as E. faecalis, E. faecium. Infections caused by motile enterococci species (E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum) are rare. Risk factors for motile enterococcal bacteremia include advanced age, immunosuppression, nosocomial infection, previous enterococcal infections, and  comorbidities like diabetes or heart disease.

Intrahepatic mass forming cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic tumour worldwide which accounts for approximately 5%-10% of all cholangiocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 10% to 20% of all primary liver cancers. The incidence ranges from 0.3-6 per 1,00,000 inhabitants per year. The arterial enhancement pattern at CT, MRI along with CA 19-9 levels and tumour size may be useful prognostic markers in the preoperative evaluation of patients with resectable intrahepatic mass forming cholangiocarcinoma.

Dunbar Syndrome, also known as Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS) or Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome, is a rare vascular condition caused by external compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament. This leads to reduced blood flow to abdominal organs and presents with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, predominantly postprandial abdominal pain. First described in the 1960s, the syndrome involves both vascular compromise and nerve irritation, making diagnosis and management particularly complex

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is one of the rare subtypes of osteosarcoma and accounts for 4% of all osteosarcomas. Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is a rare variant of osteosarcoma with distinctive radiographic, gross, and microscopic features and prognostic implications. The common sites for the tumor location are the fastest growing long tubular bones; the femur is involved most frequently, followed in frequency by the tibia and humerus – a distribution similar to that of conventional osteosarcoma.